NUR109 M5.4: ATI Engage Community Health – Introduction to Community, Population, Public, and Global Health
Systems Thinking: Systems thinking is the study of how an individual or unit interacts with other organizations or systems. It involves understanding the interconnectedness and interdependence of various elements within a system. In healthcare, systems thinking is crucial for comprehending the complex relationships between healthcare providers, institutions, and patients. It helps nurses recognize that their actions and decisions can have far-reaching consequences and that effective patient care often requires collaboration and coordination among multiple stakeholders.NUR109 M5.4: ATI Engage
Upstream Thinking: Upstream thinking is used to focus on interventions that promote health or prevent illness, rather than relying solely on medical treatment models that address care after an individual becomes ill. This concept encourages healthcare professionals to identify and address the root causes of health issues, such as addressing social determinants of health, promoting healthy behaviours, and providing resources that can lead to better health outcomes. It is a proactive approach to healthcare that aims to prevent health problems before they occur.NUR109 M5.4: ATI Engage
Nightingale’s Environmental Theory: Nightingale’s Environmental Theory highlights the relationship between an individual’s environment and health. It depicts health as a continuum, emphasizing preventive care. This theory underscores the significance of a clean and supportive environment in promoting health and preventing illness.
Health Belief Model: The Health Belief Model’s purpose is to predict health behaviours and emphasize change at the individual level. It assumes that preventive health behaviours are primarily taken to avoid disease and highlights the importance of individual beliefs and perceptions in shaping health-related actions.NUR109 M5.4: ATI Engage
Milio’s Framework for Prevention: Milio’s Framework for Prevention emphasizes change at the community level and identifies the relationship between health deficits and the availability of health-promoting resources. It underscores the importance of community-level interventions in promoting health and preventing disease.NUR109 M5.4: ATI Engage.NUR109 M5.4: ATI Engage
Pender’s Health Promotion Model: Pender’s Health Promotion Model does not consider health risk as a factor that provokes change. Instead, it examines factors that affect individual actions, including personal factors, feelings, benefits, barriers, attitudes of others, and abilities.NUR109 M5.4: ATI Engage
Determinants of Health: Determinants of Health are factors that influence a client’s health, including nutrition, stress, education, environment, finances, and social status. These determinants play a critical role in shaping an individual’s overall well-being.
Health Indicators: Health Indicators describe the health status of a community and serve as targets for improving a community’s health. They include mortality rates, disease prevalence, levels of physical activity, obesity, tobacco, or other substance use.
Community: A community is a group of people and institutions that share geographic, civic, and/or social parameters. In community health nursing, the “community is the client,” and the focus is on promoting, preserving, and maintaining the health of populations.
Goals of Community Health Nursing: The goals of community health nursing are to promote, preserve, and maintain the health of populations by delivering health services to individuals, families, and groups, with the aim of influencing “community health.”NUR109 M5.4: ATI Engage
Public Health Nursing: Public health nursing is population-focused and involves a combination of nursing knowledge along with social and public health sciences. The primary goal is to promote health and prevent disease.
PHN Core Functions (3):NUR109 M5.4: ATI Engage
Assessment: This function involves systematically monitoring the health of a population, identifying community health problems, diagnosing and investigating health problems and hazards in the community.
Policy Development: It entails developing laws and practices to promote the health of a population based on scientific evidence and informing, educating, and empowering people about health issues.
Assurance: This function ensures that adequate health care personnel and services are accessible, especially to those who might not have access under normal circumstances.
Population-focused Nursing: Population-focused nursing includes assessing to determine needs, intervening to protect and promote health, and preventing disease within a specific population.
Key Principles of PHN: These key principles include emphasizing primary prevention, working to achieve the greatest good for the largest number of individuals, recognizing that the client is a partner in health, and using resources wisely to promote the best outcomes.
Community-Oriented Nursing Vs. Community-based Nursing:NUR109 M5.4: ATI Engage
Community-Oriented Nursing focuses on aggregates and communities, with the primary goal of health promotion and disease prevention. Nursing activities are indirect and include program development.
Community-based Nursing focuses on individuals and families, primarily managing acute and chronic illness. Nursing activities are direct and involve illness care management.
Principles Guiding Community Health Nursing:
Ethics include principles such as preventing harm, doing no harm, promoting good, respecting individual and community rights, respecting autonomy and diversity, and providing confidentiality, competency, trustworthiness, and advocacy.
Advocacy involves the nurse playing the role of an informer, supporter, and mediator for the client.
Evidence-based practice involves using the best practices, expert opinion, and client preferences to change the delivery of client care. The goal is to improve client outcomes by appraising data collected from research.
Quality assurance, improvement, and management are part of improving health care, with approaches like total quality management and continuous quality improvement emphasizing effectiveness, timeliness, client-centeredness, equity, safety, and efficiency.
Professional Collaboration and Communication benefit clients by increasing adherence to prescribed treatment plans, reducing the cost of care, reducing admissions to acute care, promoting shared decision-making with the client and family, and reducing medication errors.
Ethical Principles:
Autonomy involves individuals selecting actions that fulfill their goals.
Nonmaleficence ensures that no harm is done when applying standards of care.
Beneficence seeks to maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harm.
Distributive Justice emphasizes the fair distribution of benefits and burdens in society based on the needs and contributions of its members.
Community Health Education:
Nurses regularly provide health education to promote, maintain, and restore the health of populations. Effective community health education requires planning, taking into account barriers like age, cultural beliefs, poor reading skills, and language barriers.
Learning Theories:
Behavioural Theories involve using reinforcement methods to change learners’ behaviour.
Cognitive Theory uses sensory input and repetition to change learners’ patterns of thought, thereby changing behaviours.
Critical Theory uses ongoing discussion and inquiry to increase learners’ depth of knowledge, thereby changing thinking and behaviours.
Developmental Theory uses techniques specific to learners’ developmental stages to determine readiness to learn and impart knowledge.
Humanistic Theory assists learners to grow by emphasizing emotions and relationships and believing that free choice will prompt actions that are in their own best interest.
Social Learning Theory links information to beliefs and values to change or shift the learners’ expectations.
Domains of Learning:
Cognitive learning involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills.
Affective learning involves a change in attitude and development of values.
Psychomotor learning involves the performance of a skill.
Epidemiology:
Epidemiology is the study of health-related trends in populations for the purposes of disease prevention, health maintenance, and health protection. It provides a broad understanding of the spread, transmission, and incidence of disease and injury.
Epidemiological Triangle:
The epidemiological triangle involves the study of the relationships among an agent, host, and environment. These interactions determine the development and cessation of communicable diseases, as they form a web of causality that increases or decreases the risk for disease.
Agent is the physical, infectious, or chemical factor that causes disease.
Host is the living being influenced by an agent or the environment.
Environment is the setting or surrounding that sustains the host.
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